Taking Stock of the UNFCCC Process and its Inter-linkages.

Question: Describe about the Taking Stock of the UNFCCC Process and its Inter-linkages. Answer: According to Marx and Weber (2012), in scientific research, uncertainty means the theory has not been tested, or lack of absolute data, experiments, and evidence do not conclude the given argument. Climate research is ongoing and Global warming is a real threat. Therefore, the law needs to frame rules which will account for scientific opinions while counting the uncertainties. For instance, city planners and architects could design a dam too low in a coastal region, and the city will still get flooded in the monsoon if uncertainties are understated (Lung et al., 2013). Therefore, the law must carefully follow the scientific opinions. If climate scientists predict that an outcome is very likely or certain it means that the chance of that outcome occurring is more than 90 percent. They are: rising levels of the sea, shrinking of permafrost and glaciers, oceans are turning more toxic and acidic, shifting in the ranges of animals and plants, and the influence of biological and physical s ystem due to human behavior around the world (Maslin and Austin, 2012). Countries that are part of the European Union (EU) participate in tackling climate cage and their targets include efficiency, renewable energy, and emissions. The EU has committed to three objectives for 2020. Initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by EU include Renewable Energy Directive, Energy Efficiency Directive (2012), 2030 Climate Framework, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and New car and van CO2 targets (Hallegatte, 2016). As stated by Nobuoka, Ellis and Andersen (2015), Key Stakeholders who took part in the UNFCCC secretariat during the Doha conference in 5th December 2012 are organizations like UNEP, OECD, World Bank Institute, UNDP, FAO, NEFCO, ADB, UNITAR, and others. Organizations' involved in bilateral development are AFD from France, JICA from Japan, GIZ and KfW from Germany and USAID from United States of America (Reinecke, Pistorius, and Pregernig, 2014). Their partnership is restricted to knowledge sharing, and this partnership will focus on three areas of work which are: NAMAs in the context of national development, preparation and implementation of individual NAMAs, and Financial tools for the design and implementation of NAMAs (Briner, 2014). As opined by Pulver and Benney (2013), the response from the private sectors for their active involvement in climate change came from the fact that they needed to protect their business from rapid changes in climate. Organizations have been at risk if their business process gets hampered, or the destruction of tools and warehouses would incur significant costs in materials and maintenance. Instance being, in the 2011 Thailand floods, many hard disk drives got flooded, and it did impact consumers and business because Thailand was the second largest hard disk maker in the world (Chee Wai and Wongsurawat, 2012). According to Tanaka, Matsuhashi and Yamada, (2016), Asian countries like China and India have significant problems in mitigating environmental pollution. Therefore, active NAMAs in Asia should have the highest priority, and one such NAMA is JICA or Japan International Cooperation Agency in Japan. According to Davies (2014), a major legislation called Clean Air Act was passed in the United States in 1963 to control air pollution. The state-controlled agencies urged the aid of federal government for this legislation. The active role of Federal intervention is required to include new standards as evidenced by the 1965 amendment of this legislation which required Education, Health, and Service department of US to develop and enforce standards. The Clean Air Act of 1970 gave the federal government of US true power over the states (Davies Mazurek, 2014). The act, therefore, mentions in one of its components to encourage the states to strategize plans approved by EPA for creating new standards in an air pollution control policy. EPA holds the right to approve any plans regarding reducing air pollution set by tribal, local agency and state plans. It assists the state, tribal and local agencies with engineering designs, expert studies, research and funding for the clean air progress (Gliedt Hoicka, 2015). Any state is failing to complete this rule within a specified date, its law and administration will be taken over by the EPA. SIPs or State Implementation Plans are to be developed by the States to indicate which states will state will undertake the Clean Air Act. References: Briner, G., Kato, T., Konrad, S. and Hood, C. (2014). Taking Stock of the UNFCCC Process and its Inter-linkages. Chee Wai, L. and Wongsurawat, W. (2012). Crisis management: Western digital's 46-day recovery from the 2011 flood disaster in thailand. Strategy Leadership, 41(1), pp.34-38. Davies, J. C. (2014).Comparing environmental risks: tools for setting government priorities. Routledge. Davies, J. C., Mazurek, J. (2014).Pollution Control in United States: Evaluating the System. Routledge. Gliedt, T., Hoicka, C. E. (2015). Energy upgrades as financial or strategic investment? Energy Star property owners and managers improving building energy performance.Applied Energy,147, 430-443. Hallegatte, S., Rogelj, J., Allen, M., Clarke, L., Edenhofer, O., Field, C.B., Friedlingstein, P., van Kesteren, L., Knutti, R., Mach, K.J. and Mastrandrea, M. (2016). Mapping the climate change challenge. Nature Climate Change, 6(7), pp.663-668. Lung, T., Dosio, A., Becker, W., Lavalle, C. and Bouwer, L.M. (2013). Assessing the influence of climate model uncertainty on EU-wide climate change impact indicators. Climatic change, 120(1-2), pp.211-227. Marx, S.M. and Weber, E.U. (2012). Decision making under climate uncertainty: The power of understanding judgment and decision processes. Climate change in the Great Lakes region: Navigating an Uncertain Future. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. Forthcoming, pp.13-59. Maslin, M. and Austin, P. (2012). Uncertainty: Climate models at their limit?. Nature, 486(7402), pp.183-184. Nobuoka, Y., Ellis, J. and Andersen, S.P. (2015). Encouraging Increased Climate Action by Non-Party Stakeholders. Pulver, S. and Benney, T., 2013. Privateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ sector responses to climate change in the Global South.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change,4(6), pp.479-496. Reinecke, S., Pistorius, T. and Pregernig, M. (2014). UNFCCC and the REDD+ Partnership from a networked governance perspective. Environmental Science Policy, 35, pp.30-39. Tanaka, K., Matsuhashi, R. and Yamada, K. (2016). An Integrated Contribution Approach Focusing on Technology for Climate Change Mitigation and Promotion of International Technology Cooperation and Transfer. Low Carbon Economy, 7(02), p.71.